Abstract: Iinjini ze-diesel zinokukhupha amandla ngexesha lokusebenza.Ukongeza kwigumbi lokutshisa kunye nesixhobo sokudibanisa i-crank esiguqula ngokuthe ngqo amandla ashushu esibaso sibe ngamandla omatshini, kufuneka kwakhona abe neendlela ezihambelanayo kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo, kwaye ezi zixhobo kunye neenkqubo zinxibelelene kwaye zilungelelanisiwe.Iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenjini zedizili zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zeendlela kunye neenkqubo, kodwa imisebenzi yazo iyafana.I-injini ye-diesel ikakhulu iqulunqwe ngamalungu omzimba kunye nezixhobo zokudibanisa i-crank, iindlela zokuhambisa i-valve kunye neenkqubo zokungenisa kunye nokukhupha, ukubonelela ngamafutha kunye neenkqubo zokulawula isantya, iinkqubo zokuthambisa, iinkqubo zokupholisa, izixhobo zokuqalisa kunye nezinye iindlela kunye neenkqubo.
1, Ukwakhiwa kunye nemisebenzi yecandelo leenjini zedizili
I-injini ye-diesel luhlobo lwe-injini yokutsha yangaphakathi, esisixhobo sokuguqula amandla esiguqula amandla obushushu akhutshiweyo ekutshisweni kwamafutha ukuya kumandla oomatshini.I-injini ye-diesel yinxalenye yamandla esethi ye-generator, ngokubanzi iqulunqwe yi-crankshaft yokudibanisa intonga kunye namalungu omzimba, indlela yokusabalalisa i-valve kunye nenkqubo yokungena kunye ne-exhaust, inkqubo yokubonelela nge-diesel, inkqubo yokuthambisa, inkqubo yokupholisa, kunye nenkqubo yombane.
1. Isixhobo sokudibanisa i-Crankshaft
Ukuze uguqule amandla ashushu afunyenweyo kumandla omatshini, kuyimfuneko ukuyigqiba nge-crankshaft yokudibanisa intonga.Lo matshini ikakhulu uqulunqwe ngamalungu anje ngeepistons, ipiston pins, rod zokudibanisa, crankshafts, and flywheels,.Xa i-fuel ivutha kwaye itshisa kwigumbi lokutsha, ukwanda kwegesi kuvelisa uxinzelelo phezulu kwepiston, ukutyhala ipiston ukuba ihambe ngasemva naphambili kumgca othe ngqo.Ngoncedo lwentonga yokudibanisa, i-crankshaft ijikeleza ukuqhuba umatshini osebenzayo (umthwalo) ukwenza umsebenzi.
2. Iqela lomzimba
Amalungu omzimba ikakhulu abandakanya ibhloko yesilinda, intloko yesilinda, kunye nekhrankcase.Yimatrix yokudityaniswa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini kwiinjini zedizili, kwaye uninzi lwazo ziyinxalenye yecrank ye-injini ye-diesel kunye neendlela zokudibanisa intonga, iindlela zokuhambisa ivalvu kunye neenkqubo zokuthatha kunye nokukhupha, unikezelo lwamafutha kunye neenkqubo zokulawula isantya, iinkqubo zokuthambisa, kunye nokupholisa. iinkqubo.Ngokomzekelo, intloko ye-cylinder kunye nesithsaba se-piston kunye senza indawo yegumbi lokutsha, kwaye iindawo ezininzi, i-take and exhaust ducts, kunye neepaseji zeoli nazo zilungiselelwe kuyo.
3. Indlela yokuhambisa ivalvu
Ukuze isixhobo siqhubeke nokuguqula amandla obushushu abe ngamandla omatshini, kufuneka kwakhona sixhotyiswe ngeseti yeendlela zokuhambisa umoya ukuqinisekisa ukungena rhoqo komoya omtsha kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yenkunkuma evuthayo.
Uloliwe wevalvu wenziwa liqela levalvu (ivalve yokungena, ivalve yokuphuma, isikhokelo sevalvu, isihlalo sevalve, kunye nespring valve, njl. njl.) kunye neqela lokuhambisa (i-tappet, i-tappet, ingalo ye-rocker, i-rocker arm shaft, i-camshaft, kunye nesixhobo sexesha. njl.).Umsebenzi wesitimela sevalve kukuvula kwangethuba kwaye uvale iivalvu zokungena kunye nokukhupha ngokweemfuno ezithile, ukukhupha igesi yokukhupha kwi-cylinder, kunye nokuphefumlela umoya omtsha, ukuqinisekisa inkqubo egudileyo yokungena komoya we-injini ye-diesel.
4. Inkqubo yamafutha
Amandla okushisa kufuneka anike inani elithile le-fuel, elithunyelwa kwigumbi lokutshisa kwaye lixutywe ngokupheleleyo nomoya ukuvelisa ukushisa.Ngoko ke, kufuneka kubekho inkqubo yamafutha.
Umsebenzi wenkqubo yokubonelela ngamafutha e-diesel kukufaka inani elithile ledizili kwigumbi lokutshisa kuxinzelelo oluthile ngexesha elithile, kwaye lixutywe nomoya ukwenza umsebenzi wokutsha.Ikakhulu iqulethe itanki ye-diesel, impompo yokuhambisa i-fuel, i-diesel filter, i-fuel injection pump (ipompo ye-oyile ephezulu yoxinzelelo), i-injector ye-fuel, isilawuli sesantya, njl.
5. Inkqubo yokupholisa
Ukuze kuncitshiswe ilahleko yokungqubana kweenjini zedizili kunye nokuqinisekisa ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bamacandelo ahlukeneyo, iinjini zedizili kufuneka zibe nenkqubo yokupholisa.Isixokelelwano sokupholisa kufuneka sibe namalungu afana nempompo yamanzi, irediyetha, i-thermostat, ifeni, kunye nebhatyi yamanzi.
6. Inkqubo yokuthambisa
Umsebenzi wenkqubo yokuthambisa kukuhambisa ioyile yokuthambisa kwiindawo zokungqubana kweendawo ezahlukeneyo ezihambayo ze-injini ye-diesel, edlala indima ekunciphiseni ukungqubana, ukupholisa, ukuhlanjululwa, ukutywina kunye nokuthintela umhlwa, ukunciphisa ukuxhathisa kunye nokunxiba, kunye nokuthatha. kude nobushushu obuveliswa kukukhuhlana, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenjini yedizili.Ubukhulu becala iqulathe impompo yeoli, isihluzo seoyile, iradiyetha yeoli, iivalvu ezahlukeneyo, kunye neepaseji zeoyile yokuthambisa.
7. Qala inkqubo
Ukuze uqalise ngokukhawuleza injini ye-diesel, isixhobo sokuqalisa siyafuneka ukulawula ukuqala kwe-injini ye-diesel.Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqalisa, amacandelo axhotyiswe ngesixhobo sokuqalisa aqhele ukuqalwa ziinjini zombane okanye iimotor pneumatic.Kwiiseti zejeneretha zamandla aphezulu, umoya ocinezelweyo usetyenziselwa ukuqalisa.
2、 Umgaqo osebenzayo we-injini yedizili estroke ezine
Kwinkqubo ye-thermal, kuphela inkqubo yokwandisa ulwelo olusebenzayo lunamandla okwenza umsebenzi, kwaye sifuna ukuba injini iqhubeke ivelisa umsebenzi womatshini, ngoko ke kufuneka senze ulwelo olusebenzayo lwandise ngokuphindaphindiweyo.Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuzama ukubuyisela ulwelo olusebenzayo kwimeko yalo yokuqala ngaphambi kokwandisa.Ke ngoko, i-injini ye-diesel kufuneka ihambe ngeenkqubo ezine zobushushu: ukungena, ukucinezelwa, ukwandiswa, kunye nokuphuma ngaphambi kokuba ibuyele kwimeko yayo yokuqala, ivumela injini yedizili ukuba iqhubeke ivelisa umsebenzi womatshini.Ngoko ke, ezi nkqubo zine ze-thermal zingentla zibizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo wokusebenza.Ukuba ipiston yenjini yedizili igqiba imivumbo emine ize igqibe umjikelo omnye wokusebenza, loo njini ibizwa ngokuba yi-four stroke injini yedizili.
1. Ukuthatha istroke
Injongo ye-stroke yokuthatha kukuphefumlela umoya omtsha kwaye ulungiselele ukutsha kwepetroli.Ukufezekisa ukungena, ukuhlukana koxinzelelo kufuneka kwenziwe phakathi kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-cylinder.Ke ngoko, ngeli xesha lokubetha, ivalve yokukhupha iyavala, ivalve yokungena iyavuleka, kwaye ipiston isuka kwindawo ephezulu efileyo iye kwindawo esezantsi efileyo.Umthamo kwi-cylinder ngaphezu kwepiston uyanda ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye uxinzelelo luyancipha.Uxinzelelo lwegesi kwi-cylinder malunga ne-68-93kPa ephantsi kunoxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric.Ngaphantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric, umoya omtsha ufunxelwa kwi-cylinder ngevalve yokuthatha.Xa ipiston ifika kwindawo esezantsi efileyo, ivalve yokungena iyavala kwaye i-stroke yokuthatha iphelile.
2. Uxinzelelo lwestroke
Injongo ye-compression stroke kukunyusa uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu bomoya ngaphakathi kwi-cylinder, ukudala iimeko zokutsha kwepetroli.Ngenxa yokuvalwa okuvaliweyo kunye ne-valve yokukhupha, umoya kwi-cylinder ucinezelekile, kwaye uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu bonyuka ngokufanelekileyo.Iqondo lokunyuka lixhomekeke kwiqondo loxinzelelo, kwaye iinjini zedizili ezahlukeneyo zinokuba nomahluko omncinci.Xa ipiston isondela kwindawo ephezulu efileyo, uxinzelelo lomoya kwicylinder lufikelela (3000-5000) kPa kwaye ubushushu bufikelela kuma-500-700 ℃, bugqithise kakhulu ubushushu bokuzitshisa kwedizili.
3. Ukwandiswa stroke
Xa ipiston sele iza kuphela, i-fuel injector iqala ukufaka i-diesel kwi-cylinder, ixube nomoya ukuze yenze umxube ovuthayo, kwaye ngoko nangoko iyazitshisa.Ngeli xesha, uxinzelelo ngaphakathi cylinder ngokukhawuleza ukunyuka ukuya malunga 6000-9000kPa, kwaye ubushushu bufikelela phezulu (1800-2200) ℃.Ngaphantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye negesi ephezulu yoxinzelelo, ipiston ihla iye kwindawo efileyo kwaye iqhube i-crankshaft ukuba ijikeleze, yenza umsebenzi.Njengoko i-piston yokwandisa igesi ihla, uxinzelelo lwayo luyehla ngokuthe ngcembe de kuvulwe ivalve yokukhupha.
4. I-Exhaust stroke
4. I-Exhaust stroke
Injongo ye-exhaust stroke kukususa igesi yokukhupha kwi-cylinder.Emva kokuba i-stroke yamandla igqityiwe, igesi kwi-cylinder ibe yigesi yokukhupha, kwaye ubushushu bayo buhla ukuya (800 ~ 900) ℃ kunye noxinzelelo lwehla ukuya (294 ~ 392) kPa.Ngeli xesha, ivalve yokukhupha ivula ngelixa ivalve yokungena ihlala ivaliwe, kwaye ipiston ishukuma ukusuka kwiziko elisezantsi ukuya kwindawo ephezulu efileyo.Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kunye nepiston ephoswe kwi-cylinder, igesi yokukhupha ikhutshwa ngaphandle kwe-cylinder.Xa ipiston ifikelela kwiziko eliphezulu lokufa kwakhona, inkqubo yokukhupha iphelile.Emva kokuba inkqubo yokukhupha igqityiwe, i-valve yokukhupha ivala kwaye i-valve yokungena ivula kwakhona, iphinda umjikelezo olandelayo kwaye iqhubeke isebenza ngaphandle.
3, Ukuhlelwa kunye neempawu zeenjini zedizili
I-injini ye-diesel yi-injini yokutsha yangaphakathi esebenzisa i-diesel njengamafutha.Ii-injini zedizili zezeinjini zokunyathela, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziinjini zeDizili emva komqambi wazo oyintloko, iDiesel.Xa i-injini ye-diesel isebenza, itsala umoya ukusuka kwi-cylinder kwaye ixinzelelwe kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngenxa yentshukumo yepiston, ifikelele kubushushu obuphezulu be-500-700 ℃.Emva koko, i-fuel ifafazwe kwi-high-high-temperature kwifomu yenkungu, ixutywe nomoya ophezulu wokushisa ukuze wenze umxube ovuthayo, ovutha ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye utshise.Amandla akhutshiweyo ngexesha lokutsha asebenza kumphezulu wepiston, eyityhala kwaye ayiguqule ibe ngumsebenzi womatshini ojikelezayo ngentonga yokudibanisa kunye ne-crankshaft.
1. Uhlobo lwe-injini ye-diesel
(1) Ngokutsho komjikelo wokusebenza, inokwahlulwa ibe ziinjini zedizili ezine-stroke ezine-stroke.
(2) Ngokwendlela yokupholisa, inokwahlulwa ibe ziinjini zedizili ezipholileyo ngamanzi kunye nomoya opholileyo.
(3) Ngokwendlela yokuthatha, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-turbocharged kunye ne-non turbocharged (inqweneleka ngokwendalo) iinjini zedizili.
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(5) Ngokwegumbi lokutsha, iinjini zedizili zinokwahlulwa ngokwenaliti ethe ngqo, igumbi elijikelezayo, kunye neentlobo zegumbi langaphambili.
(6) Ngokwendlela yesenzo soxinzelelo lwegesi, inokwahlulwa ibe yinto enye, ibambela kabini, kunye neenjini zedizili zepiston ezichasiweyo.
(7) Ngokwenani leesilinda, inokohlulwa ibe yi-cylinder enye kunye neenjini zedizili ezininzi.
(8) Ngokusetyenziswa kwazo, zinokwahlulwa zibe ziinjini zedizili zaselwandle, iinjini zedizili, iinjini zedizili zezithuthi, iinjini zedizili koomatshini bokulima, oomatshini bobunjineli beenjini zedizili, iinjini zedizili zokuvelisa amandla, kunye neenjini zedizili zamandla asisigxina.
(9) Ngokwendlela yonikezelo lwamafutha, inokwahlulwa ibe ngumatshini wokubonelelwa kwe-oyile yempompo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu oluqhelekileyo kuloliwe oqhelekileyo wolawulo lwe-elektroniki.
(10) Ngokuhambelana nokucwangciswa kweesilinda, inokwahlulwa ibe yimimiselo ethe tye kunye ne-V, i-horizontally echasiweyo, i-W-shaped, i-star shaped, njl njl njl.
(11) Ngokomgangatho wamandla, inokwahlulwa ibe yincinci (200KW), ephakathi (200-1000KW), enkulu (1000-3000KW), kwaye inkulu (3000KW nangaphezulu).
2. Iimpawu zeenjini zedizili zokuvelisa amandla
Iiseti zejenereyitha yedizili zinikwa amandla ziinjini zedizili.Xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zokuvelisa umbane eziqhelekileyo ezifana neejenereyitha zamandla ashushu, iijenereyitha zeinjini yomoya, iijenereyitha ze-injini yegesi, iijenereyitha zamandla enyukliya, njl. ulawulo oluguquguqukayo, iinkqubo zokusebenza ezilula, ukugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa okufanelekileyo, ixabiso eliphantsi elibanzi lokuhlanganisa kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla, kunye nokubonelela kunye nokugcinwa kwamafutha.Uninzi lweenjini zedizili ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla zizinto ezahlukeneyo zenjongo jikelele okanye ezinye iinjongo zeenjini zedizili, ezinezi mpawu zilandelayo:
(1) Isantya esisisigxina kunye nesantya
I-frequency yamandla e-AC igxininiswe kwi-50Hz kunye ne-60Hz, ngoko isantya sesethi ye-generator sinokuba yi-1500 kunye ne-1800r / min kuphela.I-China kunye namazwe angaphambili aseSoviet asebenzisa amandla amaninzi asebenzisa i-1500r / min, ngelixa amazwe aseYurophu naseMelika asebenzisa kakhulu i-1800r / min.
(2) Uluhlu lwamandla ombane oluzinzileyo
Amandla ombane wemveliso yeeseti zejeneretha yedizili esetyenziswa eChina yi-400/230V (6.3kV yeeseti ezinkulu zejenereyitha), kunye ne-frequency ye-50Hz kunye nemeko yamandla ye-cos ф= 0.8.
(3) Uluhlu lokuhluka kwamandla lubanzi.
Amandla eenjini zedizili ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla anokwahluka ukusuka ku-0.5kW ukuya ku-10000kW.Ngokubanzi, iinjini zedizili ezinoluhlu lwamandla oluyi-12-1500kW zisetyenziswa njengezikhululo zamandla ezihambayo, imithombo yamandla egcinayo, imithombo yamandla kaxakeka, okanye imithombo yamandla esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo emaphandleni.Izikhululo zamandla ezisisigxina okanye zaselwandle ziqhele ukusetyenziswa njengemithombo yamandla, kunye nokuphuma kwamandla amashumi amawaka eekilowatts.
(4) Inovimba othile wamandla.
Iinjini ze-diesel zokuvelisa amandla ngokubanzi zisebenza phantsi kweemeko ezizinzileyo zokusebenza kunye namazinga aphezulu omthwalo.Imithombo yamandla engxamisekileyo kunye ne-backup ireyithwe ngokubanzi kumandla we-12h, ngelixa imithombo yamandla esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ilinganiswe kumandla aqhubekayo (amandla ahambelanayo esethi yejeneretha kufuneka akhuphe ilahleko yokudluliselwa kunye namandla okuvuselela i-motor, kwaye ashiye ugcino oluthile lwamandla).
(5) Ixhotyiswe ngesixhobo sokulawula isantya.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-voltage ephumayo yesethi yejeneretha, izixhobo zokulawula isantya esiphezulu zifakwa ngokubanzi.Ukusebenza ngokuhambelanayo kunye neeseti zejeneretha eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi, izixhobo zokulungisa isantya zifakiwe.
(6)Inokhuseleko kunye nemisebenzi ezenzekelayo.
Isishwankathelo:
(7)Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa okuphambili kweenjini zedizili zokuvelisa amandla njengemithombo yamandla egcinayo, imithombo yamandla eshukumayo, kunye nemithombo yamandla engenye, imfuno yokuthengisa iye yanda unyaka nonyaka.Ukwakhiwa kweGridi kaRhulumente kuzuze impumelelo enkulu, kwaye unikezelo lombane lufezekise ukugubungela ilizwe lonke.Kulo mxholo, ukusetyenziswa kweenjini zedizili zokuvelisa amandla kwimarike yaseTshayina kulinganiselwe, kodwa zisabalulekile kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe.Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwetekhnoloji yokuvelisa, itekhnoloji yolawulo oluzenzekelayo, itekhnoloji ye-elektroniki, kunye neteknoloji yokuvelisa izinto ezidibeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele.Iinjini zedizili zokuvelisa amandla ziphuhla zisiya kwiminiaturization, amandla aphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli okuphantsi, ukukhutshwa okuphantsi, ingxolo ephantsi, kunye nobukrelekrele.Inkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kunye nohlaziyo lobuchwepheshe obunxulumeneyo buphucule amandla esiqinisekiso sobonelelo lwamandla kunye nenqanaba lobugcisa leenjini zedizili zokuvelisa amandla, nto leyo eya kukhuthaza kakhulu ukongezwa okuqhubekekayo kwesiqinisekiso sobonelelo lwamandla olubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-02-2024